Background & Objective: Micro-vascular proliferation is an important histological feature of brain glioma with more vascular proliferation is present in higher grades of glioma. CD 105 is expressed in new actively proliferating and immature endothelial cells in tumor environment and appears to be capable to distinguish between malignant neo-vasculature and normal Vessels. Methods: This study was designed to evaluate the Micro-Vessel Density(MVD) in different grades of brain glioma based on CD 105 expression byImmunohistochemistry method to determine whether it can be a helpful marker for rumor grading or not. Paraffin blocks of formalin fixed samples of brain astrocyticglioma were retrieved and IHC was performed using anti-CD105 monoclonal mouse antibody. Results: Total number of 48cases of low and high grade astrocyticgliomas were evaluated. We noted that there was a positive correlation between MVD evaluated by CD105 and tumor grade, meaning that expression was significantly greater in tumors with higher grade (P=0. 019). Conclusion: We concluded that MVD quantified by CD 105 has positive correlation with tumor grade. Also we think that expression of CD 105 specially in low-grade glioma can serve as a basis for selective treatment option in combination with current standard care.

Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a crucial cellular component of human tumors, but their exact roles in tumor growth and angiogenesis during cancer progression are still subject to debate. The present study aimed to explore the impact of TAMs on tumor progression and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC). Materials and Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 60 samples consisting of 40 OSCC and 20 OVC samples were chosen. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on the samples using anti-CD68 and anti-CD31 monoclonal antibodies to evaluate the frequency of TAMs and Micro-Vessel Density (MVD), respectively. The data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS (v. 23) and through the independent samples Student t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: The results of our study revealed that the mean number of TAMs and MVD were significantly greater in OSCC samples compared to OVC samples (P = 0. 001) (P = 0. 004). Also, the average number of TAMs and MVD increased in the high grade of OSCC,however, the correlation between both parameters and histopathological grades of OSCC was significant only for MVD. Our study found no significant correlation between TAMs and MVD (P = 0. 005). Conclusion: Based on the results of our study, both TAMs and MVD were found to be significantly higher in OSCC samples compared to OVC samples. These findings suggest that the progression of oral cancer is associated with an increase in TAMs and vascular Density. Additionally, the use of CD68 and CD31 markers may help in differentiating between these two types of tumors.

Background: Microbubbles are widely used in diagnostic ultrasound applications as contrast agents. Recently, many studies have shown that Microbubbles have good potential for the use in therapeutic applications such as drug and gene delivery and opening of blood-brain barrier locally and transiently. When Microbubbles are located inside an elastic MicroVessel and activated by ultrasound, they oscillate and induce mechanical stresses on the Vessel wall. However, the mechanical stresses have beneficial therapeutic effects, they may induce Vessel damage if they are too high. Microstreaming-induced shear stress is one of the most important wall stresses. Objective: The overall aim of this study is to simulate the interaction between confined bubble inside an elastic MicroVessel and ultrasound field and investigate the effective parameters on Microstreaming-induced shear stress. Material and Methods: In this Simulation study, we conducted a 2D finite element simulation to study confined Microbubble dynamics, also we investigated both acoustical and bubble material parameters on Microbubble oscillation and wall stress. Results: Based on our results, for acoustic parameters in the range of therapeutic applications, the maximum shear stress was lower than 4 kPa. Shear stress was approximately independent from shell viscosity whereas it decreased by increasing the shell stiffness. Moreover, shear stress showed an increasing trend with acoustic pressure. Conclusion: Beside the acoustical parameters, bubble properties have important effects on bubble behavior so that the softer and larger bubbles are more appropriate for therapeutic application as they can decrease the required frequency and acoustic pressure while inducing the same biological effects.

Background: The role of the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has well known in the angiogenesis and ulcer healing. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of bFGF on tissue repair in a rat oral mucosal wound. Methods: Musosal wound induced on the lip mucosa of rats and bFGF was injected along the edge of the mucosal defect immediately after surgery. The tissues were collected on days 3, 7 and 14 after the wound induction. The Micro Vessel Density (MVD) and CD34 expression were done by histochemical studies. Results: The bFGF significantly accelerated granulation tissue formation and MVD was increased three days after ulcer induction but decreased 14 days after surgery. The MVD was significantly higher in the bFGF-treated group. The wound area was decreased in all groups time-dependently and a statistically significant difference (p value? ) was observed between the bFGF-treated group and untreated group. The wound area was smaller in the bFGF-treated group compared to the untreated group. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that bFGF can accelerated and facilitated wound healing.

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of utilizing ICSI Micro-tool as the Vessel for rapid cooling and post-thaw recovery of single human spermatozoa in the presence of 10% PVP as the cryoprotectant. The procedures of loading, sealing, and recovery were carried out using a Micromanipulator. Motile spermatozoa from 3 healthy specimens were chosen randomly for single cell cryopreservation, and their fertilizing ability was compared to that of the some specimens while cryopreserved conventionally. A single spermatozoon was loaded in the tip of the Micro-tool. The tip was then sealed in a drying Micro-drop of PVP, uncovered with mineral oil. The sealed Micro-tool was then removed from the Micromanipulator, and each was fixed in a separate cryo-vial before being plunged into LNz. After thawing at room temperature, the seal was dissolved in the injection medium shortly after being exposed to the drop. The injection was carried out using the same Micro-tool. One-day old human eggs were used to assess the fertilizing ability. A total of 21 individually cryopreserved spermatozoa were injected into spare eggs, of which 16 (76.1%) became fertilized; it was comparable to fertilizing ability of the conventionally cryopreserved specimens. The fragility of the glass Micro-capillary was not increased, partly due to small diameter of the Vessel which allowed for thermal equilibration to occur almost instantly.

Statement of the Problem: Regional lymph nodes are the nodes draining lymph from region around the tumor and presence of metastatic tumor in regional lymph nodes is the most important prognostic factor for malignant tumors of epithelial origin. Lymphangiogenesis is associated with an increased incidence of regional lymph nodes metastasis and is possibly an essential step for metastasis. Tumor cells secrete lymphangiogenic cytokines, which results in formation of lymphatic Vessels within and around the tumor and act as portals for tumor spread. Purpose: The present study aims to investigate and quantify lymphatic Vessel Density (LVD) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and determine whether LVD can predict the risk of sentinel lymph node metastasis. Material and Method: 50 specimens of OSCC, without and with lymph node metastasis (25 each) along with 25 specimens of normal oral mucosa were assessed and LVD was quantified by D2-40 immunostaining. Discrete hotspots of intra-tumoral lymphatics were identified in superficial and deep areas in all carcinomas to calculate LVD. Results: When compared to normal mucosa, LVD decreased in the superficial intratumoral areas and decreased further in deep areas. In addition, LVD in the superficial and deep areas of OSCC without nodal metastasis was significantly higher than that in OSCC with nodal metastasis. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that lymphangiogenesis varies within the tumor. Lymphatic Vessels are either compressed, collapsed, destroyed or absent in deep intratumoral region. Decrease in LVD predicts cervical lymph node metas-tasis both in superficial and deep areas. Lymphatics in superficial areas are proba-bly major conduit for nodal metastasis in OSCCs.